Clasificación de heridas cutáneas y técnicas terapéuticas para la reparación de la piel
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21615/cesenferm.7262Palabras clave:
piel, heridas, biomaterial, técnicas terapéuticas, reparación de tejidosResumen
Las heridas de piel son un problema de salud pública mundial, las cuales cobran alrededor de trescientas mil vidas cada año y generan discapacidades a millones más. Más del 95% de estas lesiones ocurren en países en desarrollo, donde el acceso a los servicios de salud es complicado y los recursos son escasos. Variables como la profundidad, la causa, el nivel de infección y/o la cronicidad determinan el resultado de las heridas en la piel y si estas impedirán el proceso de curación natural del cuerpo. Para el tratamiento de heridas cutáneas profundas, crónicas y/o complicadas se han desarrollado diferentes tratamientos. Las técnicas tradicionales ampliamente utilizadas como la asepsia, el desbridamiento y la cirugía, tienen como objetivo prevenir daños mayores y ayudar a la cicatrización, pero tienen muchas desventajas, entre las que se encuentran resultados de baja eficiencia, altas tasas de tiempo de curación y costos elevados. Estrategias alternativas y novedosas como los apósitos bioactivos y la medicina regenerativa pretenden alcanzar una recuperación funcional y estética del tejido, minimizando el riesgo de rechazo presente en otras técnicas como colgajos e injertos de piel. La presente revisión muestra las principales características de la piel, una descripción general de los tipos de heridas más comunes y su incidencia, así como las estrategias de ingeniería tisular que se utilizan para la regeneración del tejido cutáneo.
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