Estructura, propiedades y genética de las caseínas de la leche: una revisión

Autores/as

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21615/cesmvz.5231

Palabras clave:

beta-caseína, kappa-caseína, estudios de asociación del genoma completo, micelas, proteínas de la leche

Resumen

La leche es un alimento esencial para los humanos y una de sus importancias radica en el contenido de proteínas lácteas. Las proteínas más frecuentes en este preciado líquido son las caseínas (αS1-caseína, αS2-caseína, β-caseína y κ-caseína), las cuales son fuente de aminoácidos para la dieta de los mamíferos en sus primeros días de vida. En la leche, las caseínas, están formadas por agregados moleculares de proteínas de tamaños variables denominados micelas. El objetivo de esta revisión es presentar un panorama general de la estructura, propiedades y genética de las caseínas lácteas y su relación con la salud humana. A partir de esta revisión, se pudo establecer, que las αs1 y αs2 caseínas se encuentran en conjunto con la β-caseína, formando el núcleo micelar, interactuando con los iones de calcio, para formar y mantener la micela estable. Animales caracterizados genéticamente con algunas variantes de estas proteínas, se asocian con un rendimiento en el volumen de leche. La κ-caseína, por su parte, está asociada con un aumento en el rendimiento y calidad de los quesos, de ahí su importancia económica, mientras que las formas más comunes de β-caseína en razas de ganado lechero son A1 y A2. La β-caseína A2 no presenta efectos negativos a la salud humana, por el contrario, ha sido asociada con propiedades reductoras de colesterol y triacilglicéridos. Sin embargo, la variante A1 de la β-caseína produce un péptido bioactivo denominado β-casomorfina-7 (BCM-7), que puede desempeñar un papel etiológico poco claro en el desarrollo de algunas enfermedades en humanos, tales como: enfermedad isquémica del corazón, diabetes mellitus tipo 1, síndrome de muerte súbita infantil (SIDS), desórdenes neurológicos, como autismo y esquizofrenia. 

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Biografía del autor/a

Jonathan Padilla Doval, Fundación Universitaria Navarra

Grupo de Investigación Cuidados de la Salud e Imágenes Diagnósticas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Fundación Universitaria Navarra - UNINAVARRA, Neiva, Colombia. 

Juan Carlos Zambrano Arteaga, Universidad de Nariño

Grupo de Investigación en Bioquímica y Estudios Genéticos - BIOGEN. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Nariño - UDENAR, Ciudadela Universitaria Torobajo, San Juan de Pasto, Colombia. 

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2021-12-31

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Padilla Doval, J., & Zambrano Arteaga, J. C. (2021). Estructura, propiedades y genética de las caseínas de la leche: una revisión. CES Medicina Veterinaria Y Zootecnia, 16(3), 62–95. https://doi.org/10.21615/cesmvz.5231
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