Efectos inmunotoxicológicos e histopatológicos de la exposición aconcentraciones subletales de cloruro de mercurio (HgCl2) en cachamablanca (Piaractus brachypomus)
Resumen
Immunotoxicological and histopathological effects of exposure to sublethal concentrations of mercuric chloride (HgCl2) in red-bellied pacu (Piaractus brachypomus)
Avaliação imunotoxicológica e histopatológica da exposição a concentrações subletais de cloreto de mercúrio (HgCl2) em Pirapitinga branca (Piaractus brachypomus)
El mercurio es un contaminante xenobiótico encontrado frecuentemente en ecosistemas naturales, representando unaspecto relevante en salud pública y ambiental debido a los niveles encontrados en fuentes de agua en correlación conla bioacumulación en organismos vivos. El objetivo fue evaluar los efectos inmunotoxicológicos e histopatológicosde la exposición a concentraciones subletales de Cloruro de Mercurio (HgCl2) en cachama blanca (Piaractus brachypomus). Se utilizaron alevinos de cachama blanca, con un peso de 10 ± 2,1 g, distribuidos en acuarios conaireación constante, sin filtro. El periodo experimental fue de 18 días, utilizando 4 concentraciones basadas en ladécima parte de la CL50descrita para cachama, así como un grupo control. Se realizaron seis muestreos (días 1,2, 4, 7, 12 y 18) en los cuales se tomaron muestras de sangre para la evaluación de la explosión respiratoria y lacapacidad bactericida del plasma. Se calculó el índice hepatosomático y se tomaron muestras para procesamientohistopatológico. Se evidenció una elevación del nivel de explosión respiratoria (estrés oxidativo) en animalesexpuestos a HgCl2 de una manera dependiente de la concentración, siendo más marcado este efecto al día 12 deexposición. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en los valores de índice hepatosomático (IHS). En la actividadbactericida del plasma se halló una actividad menor en animales expuestos a HgCl2. En el análisis histopatológico seencontraron cambios como hiperplasia, aneurismas y sinequias en branquias; inclusiones hialinas en hígado y centrosmelanomacrófagos en riñón. Los alevinos de cachama blanca expuestos a dosis subletales de HgCl2, muestran unincremento significativo en la explosión respiratoria (estrés oxidativo), así como cambios en la actividad bactericidadel plasma, además de cambios anatomopatológicos a nivel branquial, hepático y renal.
Abstract
Mercury is a xenobiotic contaminant often found in natural ecosystems. It is relevant for public and environmentalhealth because of the existing correlation between its content in water sources and mercury bioaccumulation in livingorganisms. This work assessed the immune and histopathological effects of exposure to sublethal concentrations ofmercury chloride (HgCl2) in Pacu (Piaractus brachypomus). Pacu fingerlings weighing 10 ± 2.1 g were distributedin constantly aerated tanks with no filter. The experimental period was 18 days. A negative control group and fourHg levels were used based on the tenth of LC50 for Pacu. Six blood samples were taken on days 1, 2, 4, 7, 12 and18 to measure respiratory burst and bactericidal activity of the plasma. The hepatosomatic index was calculated andsamples were taken for histopathological examination. Increased respiratory burst (oxidative stress) was observedin animals exposed to HgCl2 in a concentration-dependent manner. This effect was more pronounced at day 12 ofexposure. Hepatosomatic index (HSI) values showed no significant differences. Animals exposed to HgCl2 showed low bactericidal activity of plasma. Histopathological changes such as hyperplasia, aneurysms and synechiae werefound in gills, while hyaline inclusions were observed in liver and melanomacrophage centers in kidney. Pacufingerlings exposed to sublethal doses of HgCl2 had a significant increase in oxidative stress and changes in plasmabactericidal activity in addition to pathological changes in the gills, hepatic and renal tissues.
Resumo
O mercúrio é um contaminante xenobiótico encontrado frequentemente nos ecossistemas naturais, o qual representaum aspecto muito importante na saúde pública e ambiental devido aos níveis encontrados nas fontes de agua, as quaisalém, tem correlação com a bioacumulação em organismos vivos. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar os efeitosimunotoxicológicos e histopatológicos da exposição a concentrações subletais de Cloreto de Mercúrio (HgCl2) emPirapitinga branca (Piaractus brachypomus). Utilizaram-se alevinos de Pirapitinga branca com um peso médio de10 ± 2,1 g, distribuídos em aquários com tanques de aireação constante sem filtro. O período experimental foi de 18dias, utilizando quatro concentrações baseadas na decima parte da LC50 descrita para Pirapitinga branca assim como no grupo controle. Realizaram-se seis amostragens (dias 1, 2, 4, 7, 12 e 18) nos quais tomaram-se amostras de sanguepara a avaliação da explosão respiratória e a capacidade bactericida do plasma. Calculou-se o índice hepatosomáticoe pegaram-se amostras para processamento histopatológico. Evidenciou-se uma elevação do nível de explosãorespiratória (estresse oxidativo) em animais expostos ao HgCl2 de uma maneira dependente da concentração, sendomais marcado este efeito ao dia 12 da exposição. Não se encontraram diferenças significativas nos valores do índicehepatosomático (IHS). Na atividade bactericida do plasma achou-se uma atividade menor em animais expostos ao HgCl2. Na análise histopatológica encontraram-se mudanças como hiperplasia, aneurisma e sinéquias em brânquias,inclusões hialinas no fígado e centros melanomacrófagos nos rins. Os alevinos de Pirapitinga branca expostos adoses sub-letais de HgCl2, amostraram um incremento significativo na explosão respiratória (estresse oxidativo)assim como mudanças na atividade bactericida do plasma, além de mudanças anatomopatológicas no nível branquial,hepático e renal.
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